Physiological and endocrine changes in Atlantic salmon smolts during hatchery rearing, downstream migration, and ocean entry

نویسندگان

  • Stephen D. McCormick
  • Timothy F. Sheehan
  • Björn Thrandur Björnsson
  • Christine Lipsky
  • John F. Kocik
  • Amy M. Regish
  • Michael F. O'Dea
چکیده

Billions of hatchery salmon smolts are released annually in an attempt to mitigate anthropogenic impacts on freshwater habitats, often with limited success. Mortality of wild and hatchery fish is high during downstream and early ocean migration. To understand changes that occur during migration, we examined physiological and endocrine changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts during hatchery rearing, downstream migration, and early ocean entry in two successive years. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased in the hatchery during spring, increased further after river release, and was slightly lower after recapture in the ocean. Plasma growth hormone levels increased in the hatchery, were higher in the river, and increased further in the ocean. Plasma IGF-I remained relatively constant in the hatchery, increased in the river, then decreased in the ocean. Plasma thyroid hormoneswere variable in the hatchery, but increased in both riverand ocean-captured smolts. Naturally reared fish had lower condition factor, gill NKA activity, and plasma thyroxine than hatchery fish in the river but were similar in the ocean. This novel data set provides a vital first step in understanding the role and norms of endocrine function in smolts and the metrics of successful marine entry. Résumé : Si des milliards de saumoneaux issus d'écloseries sont relâchés annuellement afin d'atténuer les impacts de l'activité humaine sur les habitats d'eau douce, l'efficacité de ces efforts est souvent limitée. La mortalité des poissons sauvages et provenant d'écloseries est élevée durant l'avalaison et le début de lamigration enmer. Pourmieux comprendre les changements qui s'opèrent durant la migration, nous avons examiné les changements physiologiques et endocriniens chez des saumoneaux de saumon atlantique (Salmo salar) durant l'alevinage en écloserie, l'avalaison et le passage en mer pendant deux années consécutives. L'activité de l'ATPase Na+/K+ branchiale a augmenté au printemps en écloserie, puis après la libération en rivière et avait légèrement diminué après la recapture en mer. Les teneurs de l'hormone de croissance plasmatique ont augmenté en écloserie, puis davantage en rivière ainsi qu'en mer. L'IGF-I plasmatique est demeuré relativement inchangé en écloserie, a augmenté en rivière, pour ensuite diminuer en mer. Les teneurs en hormones thyroïdiennes plasmatiques étaient variables en écloserie, mais avaient augmenté chez les saumoneaux capturés tant en rivière qu'en mer. Si, en rivière, les poissons issus de l'alevinage naturel présentaient des coefficients d'embonpoint, une activité de la NKA branchiale et des teneurs en thyroxine plasmatique plus faibles que ceux des poissons issus d'écloseries, ces valeurs étaient semblables pour les deux groupes de poissons une fois enmer. Ce nouvel ensemble de données constitue un premier pas critique vers la compréhension du rôle et des normes de la fonction endocrine chez les saumoneaux, ainsi que vers la caractérisation des paramètres associés à un passage en mer réussi. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2013